N.B.: The careers and influence of these eight peacemakers were interrelated throughout the 20th century. All eight grappled with epic problems such as war, the Great Depression, racial segregation, consumerism, and social justice. They promoted various peace-making solutions, e.g. the arts and crafts movement, communalism, decentralization, homesteading, land reform, low-cost housing, non-violence, organic foods, pacifism, progressive education, racial integration, self-reliance, small-scale agriculture, and organized war resistance.
This web page shows the physical and permanent monuments which preserve their memory, including museums and office buildings.
It does not attempt to document their long and distinuished careers and many personal interrelationships.
Click each of the eight names shown above for an individual biography.
Click here for summary biographies of these and many other famous communitarians.
Click here for monuments related to other Quaker peacemakers.
Click here for monuments related to other Nobel Peace Prize laureates.
Right click image to enlarge.
 |   1894 - Fairhope (Alabama). "Single tax colony" founded according to Georgist principles. Right image shows fountain at the municipal pier, behind which (not shown) is a monument to the single tax idea of Henry George. Click here for Wikipedia article.
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|  1894 - Grave of Henry George, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York City, New York (USA). George's funeral in 1897 was attended by more people than any other funeral in US history except for that of President Abraham Lincoln.
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|  1900 - Arden Communities, Arden, Ardencroft & Ardentown, New Castle County, Delaware (USA). Georgist community. "Fouunded by sculptor Frank Stephens [1859-1935] and architect Will Price [1861-1916], based on ideas such as Henry George's single tax, William Morris’s Arts and Crafts movement, and Peter Kropotkin's communal living principles." Now three legally separate municipalities. The name "Arden" is from Shakespeare, and Arden still supports a Shakespeare Gild. Subsequent home of a number of famous artists and peacemakers, e.g. Scott Nearing, Upton Sinclair and Ella Reeve Bloor. Click here for Wikipedia article.
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|  1914 - Miami Conservancy District (MCD), Dayton, Ohio (USA). Created by engineer Arthur Morgan to protect the city and the surrounding area after the disasterous Great Dayton Flood of 1913. During the construction of five MCD dams, Morgan organized model workers communities. Left image shows the Taylorsville Dam.
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 | 1924 - Dogwoods Homestead, Suffern, New York (USA). Replaced "Seven Acres," Borsodi's first family "homestead." Ralph Borsodi: "In 1924 we bought 18 acres-which we named Dogwoods after the beautiful trees on the land-and developed it into an even more satisfying place to live. I built quite a formidable home and three other buildings there from the natural rocks we found on the property." Borsodi sold Dogwoods to anarchist Lawrence (Larry) Labadie [1898-1975] who lived on the grounds from 1950 until his death in 1975.
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| 1929 - Glen Helen Ecology Institute, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (USA). "Arthur Morgan (president of Antioch College 1920-1936) and his wife Lucy Griscom Morgan cultivate Hugh Taylor Birch [1848-1943], who achieved great wealth working for Standard Oil. Birch's favorite memory of Yellow Springs was his time spent in the Glen, and consequently he buys it all, donating it to the College in memory of his daughter Helen."
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|  1930 - Pendle Hill, 338 Plush Mill Road, Wallingford, Pennsylvania (USA). "A Quaker center for spiritual growth, study and service. At Pendle Hill, students and staff live, work, worship and study together. First director was Henry Theodore Hodgkin [1876-1933] who founded the Fellowship of Reconcilation (FOR) in 1914 in UK and in 1915 in US. Clarence Pickett and Homer Morris lived in houses on the Pendle Hill grounds. Pickett was general secretary of the American Friends Service Committee [1929-1950] and chief of "Stranded Mining and Industrial Populations" for the federal government [in the mid-1930's].
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 | January 1933 - Liberty Homesteads, Dayton, Ohio (USA). "Ralph Borsodi was in charge of a homestead unit sponsored by the Dayton Council of Social Agencies [DCSA]... About four miles west of Dayton, 160 acres was acquired with farm buildings to be owned in common by the community and individual plots leased to homesteaders. It was Borsodi's plan to ring Dayton with such communities. Ten homes had been built by January of 1935, some of which had faulty construction. The project was terminated, and the land was sold." Elizabeth Nutting was secretary of the "Characer Building Section" of the DCSA. Mildred Loomis saw homesteaders vote against Borsodi to accept fenderal control. Click here for a detailed history.
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|  1933 - Norris, Norris, Tennessee (USA). Built by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) under Arthur Morgan as one of several model communities for TVA workers. The city and nearby TVA dam are named for George W. Norris [1861-1944], Senator from Nebraska. Norris now has a museum adjacent to the Norris Community Library. Arthur Morgan lived in Norris while his wife Lucy promoted pottery and other local crafts and he, David A. Lilienthal [1899-1981], and Harcourt A. Morgan (no relation) directed TVA from offices in nearby Knoxville, Tennessee.
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| 1934 - Cumberland Homesteads, Crossville (Tennessee). One of five "stranded communities" built by the federal Division of Subsistence Homesteads during the Great Depression. "New Deal Community built by the between 1934 and 1938." Houses designed by William Macy Stanton [1888-1969], the same Quaker architect from Philadelphia who worked previously for Arthur Morgan at Norris, Tennessee. Now has Homesteads Tower Museum and an original homestead home (at 2611 Pigeon Ridge Road) whch has been restored to its authentic 1930's condition..
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 | Date? - Norvelt, Norvelt, Pennsylvania (USA). One of five "stranded communities" built by the federal Division of Subsistence Homesteads during the Great Depression. Text of historical marker: "Originally called 'Westmoreland Homesteads,' Norvelt was established April 13, 1934, by the federal government as part of a New Deal homestead project. With 250 homes, Norvelt provided housing, work, and a community environment to unemployed workers and their families during the Great Depression. It was renamed “Norvelt" in 1937 in honor of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her interest in the project."
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| June 23, 1935 - Bayard Lane Community, Suffren (New York). 16 family homesteads, on a 40 acre plot, founded by Ralph Borsodi and owned by the Independence Foundation Inc. of which Clarence Pickett was a trustee. Click here for Wikipedia article. Home of missionaries Ralph P. Templin [1913-1994] and Paul Keene [1910-2005] after they were expelled from British India for working too closely with Gandhi. A Bayard Lane historical marker exists but is not shown here.
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| 1936 - School of Living (SoL), Bayard Lane Community, Suffern, New York (USA). Occupied a 4-acre tract at Bayard Lane. Home of organic gardening in the United States. Later moved to Ohio under Mildred Loomis, then to Pennsylvania. Today SoL is an association of five land trust communities in Pensylvania, Maryland & Virginia. SoL publishes the journal Green Revolution.
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| November 8, 1991 - Penn Craft Community, Fayette County (Pennsylvania). Founded by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) under Clarence Pickett and Homer Morris. Text of marker: "This experimental community for coal miners unemployed during the Depression was developed, 1937-43, by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). On the 200-acre tract, fifty families built their stone houses, a cooperative store, and a knitting factory. A model for other self-help projects elsewhere, Penn-Craft was a successful example of the back-to-the-land movement of the 1930s."
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![](http://www.hrvh.org/cgi-bin/getimage.exe?CISOROOT=/larc&CISOPTR=1256&DMSCALE=100.00000&DMWIDTH=600&DMHEIGHT=600&DMX=0&DMY=0&DMTEXT=%20van%20houten&REC=8&DMTHUMB=1&DMROTATE=0")
| October 10, 1987 - Van Houten Fields Historical marker, West Nyack, near Suffern, Rockland County (New York). Text of Marker: "In 1937 Ralph Borsodi, author, economist, and philosopher, organized a group for the purchase of this 106 acre Dutch farm to be divided into leased acreage plots. This became the largest self-administered back-to-the-land community in Rockland county for people seeking a do-it-yourself agrarian life style. The homesteads were built in part by the owners. The leased land later reverted to private ownership." Click here for history of Borsodi's School of Living (SOL).
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| 1940 - Community Service Inc. (CSI), Yellow Springs (Ohio). Now called "The Community Solution." Founded by Arthur Morgan who presided over a CSI meeting attended by Pendle Hill, Celo, Bryn Grwled and other communities in 1948 at which the phrase "intentional community" was coined, leading to the creation of the Fellowship of Intentional Community (FIC), the Homer Morris Loan Fund, and the Community Educational Service Council, Inc.(CESCI).
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 | March 1946 - Walnut Acres, Penns Creek (Pennsylvania). Organic farm founded by Paul Keene [1910-2005] and his wife Betty after working at Ralph Borsodi's School of Living in Suffren, NY. Click here for an obituary of Paul Keene.
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 |  1947 - Parkwyn Village, Kalamazoo, Michigan (USA). Cluster of "Usonian" homes designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Robert Swann [1918-2003] worked on the project as a laborer (after being a conscientious objector during World War II). Click here for Swann's autobiography.
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 |  c.1948 - Melbourne Village, Brevard County, Florida (USA). Modeled by Ralph Borsodi, Dr. Elizabeth Nutting, Margaret Hutchinson and Virginia Wood on Liberty Acres [sic], their previous project in Dayton, Ohio. Developed by the American Homesteading Foundation (AHF), an Ohio corporation. Borsodi operated a School of Living here from 1948 to 1952 and the "University of Melbourne" from 1955 to 1958. The latter is now part of the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) near the Kennedy Space Center.
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|  April 29, 1962 - White House, Washigton, DC (USA). On the same day, Clarence E. Pickett and his wife Lilly protest outside the White House against the nuclear arms race and are received inside the White House at a reception for all Nobel Prize winners from the US and Canada.. The American Friends Service Committee's Nobel medal is presumably on permanent display at AFSC headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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NB: The following account is from the autobiography of Robert Swann [1918-2003]:
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N |  1962 - "Everyman," Sausalito, California (USA). "In 1962 the US announced another round of nuclear tests in the Pacific. We decided to build a 30-foot trimaran sailboat designed by Arthur Piver [1910-1968] and sail it into the testing zone. The US Attorney in San Francisco decided to try to stop us by issuing a 'cease and desist' order. The "Everyman" sailed serenely out under the Bay Bridge [sic] and into ocean waters with a crew of three. Following the boat was a Coast Guard cutter with a US Marshall. Hovering above it all were several helicopters, also with reporters and photographers. All of this was being carried on local radio and TV news so that practically everyone in the San Francisco area was aware of the story. Eventually, with the help of the Coast Guard, he managed to arrest and handcuff the crew and return them to San Francisco. I was also arrested and spent the night in the San Francisco jail [sic] along with the sailors. Meanwhile, the word had gone out. Hundreds of supporters arrived at the Federal courthouse where we were being held. They filled the entire building before closing time, refusing to leave when ordered to do so. We turned our night in jail into a party. Joan Baez lead the singing and we danced all night long. The next day the Feds dropped the case against me but charged the three sailors, who spent a couple of months in jail." (Image shows Arthur Piver's 30-foot "Nimble" built in 1969 in the UK. Piver left Sausalito alone in his 36-foot trimaran on March 17, 1968, en route to San Diego and was never seen again.)
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|  1967 - New Communities, Albany, Georgia (USA). First community land trust (CLT) in the United States. An attempt by Ralph Borsodi and Robert Swann to "assist some 500 African-American families to resettle a 5000 acre tract on a lease-hold, trust holding, common possession pattern." "Inspired by Borsodi's work with J. P. Narayan [1902-1979] and Vinoba Bhave [1895-1982], both disciples of Gandhi."
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| 1973 - Institute for Community Economics (ICE), 1101 30th Street, NW (Suite 400),
Washington, DC (USA). Founded by Robert Swann. Promotes community land trusts (CLT's). Moved to Washington, DC, from Connecticut. Website says founded in 1967 (referring to New Communities?).
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| 1975 - Morgan Stone, Glen Helen, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (USA). Where Arthur and Lucy Morgan's ashes are enterred.
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| 1978 - Peace Pentagon (Muste Building), A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 339 Lafayette Street, New York City, New York (USA). Organized in 1974 to carry forward the commitment of A. J. Muste [1885-1967] to nonviolent radical change, the institute bought the "Peace Pentagon" office building in 1978 to provide a stable and affordable base for itself and other activist groups in New York City, e.g. the War Resisters League (WRL). Now in need of major repairs and in danger of being sold. Click here for "Save the Peace Pentagon."
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|  1990 - Library, E. F. Schumacher Society, South Egremont, Massachusetts (USA). A 11,000 volume collection of materials focusing on decentralism and exploring the viability of ecologically, economically, and socially responsible societies, built on the ideal of human scale. Contains the papers of E. F. Schumacher [1911-1977], British economist and author of Small is Beautiful. Library created by Robert Swann [1918-2003]. Swann also created the Voluntown Peace Trust (VPT) in Voluntown, CT (qv).
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| 1991 - Stop, Look, and Listen, A. J. Muste Alcove, Van Wylan Library (2nd floor), Hope College, Holland, Michigan (USA). "Named for Hope College alumnus and well-known peace activist A. J. Muste [1885-1967]. He spent his life working with Quakers and Communists, organized labor and radical peace activists, all in the name of non-violent solutions to the world's problems. The green sculpture pieces were created by a Hope graduate. They offer a graffiti-friendly way to express your thoughts and convictions." Entry #494 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).
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|   Early 1990's - E. F. Schumacher Forest Garden, Dartington Estate, Totnes, Devon, England (UK). "Perhaps one of the important examples of perennial agriculture, and a demonstration that this is a viable and productive method of food production in the cool temeprate climate of Britain."
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Date? - "Ghost Sign" for Henry George Brand Cigars, Main Street (north side), Mt. Pleasant, Utah (USA). Above the "Center of Utah" plaque.
1937 - Celo Community, 7965 White Oak Road, Burnsville (North Carolina). Founded by Arthur Morgan, Clarence Pickett & Henry Regnery. Arthur Morgan visited conscientious objector camps during World War II, after which several CO's moved to Celo and created a Friends Meeting House on the grounds.
1967 - Heathcote Community, Freeland (Maryland). Historically associated with Mildred Loomis [1900-1992] who had worked with Ralph Borsodi in New York and Ohio. Now one of five land trust communities which comprize the School of Living (SoL). Image shows Loomis reading Green Revolution, the SoL's quarterly journal.
1969 - A. J. Muste Conference Center, Voluntown Peace Trust (VPT), 539 Beach Pond Road, Voluntown, Connecticut (USA), "Built by the New England Committee for Nonviolent Action (NECNVA). Features a large meeting hall, industrial kitchen, accessible bathroom, covered outdoor porch, and the historic Eugene V. Debs Memorial Library." VPT & NENVA were created by Robert Swann [1918-2003] and his wife Marjorie. Swann also creaed the Institute for Community Economics (ICE) and the E. F. Schumacher Society.
