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7 Peace Monuments in Denmark

1722 - Fredensborg Slot Castle, near Copenhagen (Denmark).While the building was still under construction Denmark and Sweden negotiated a peace treaty, which was signed July 3, 1720 on the site of the unfinished palace. To commemorate the signing, the palace was named Fredens Borg / Palace of Peace.

1984 - Statue of Gandhi, Copenhagen (Denmark). "Given by Indira Gandhi on her visit to Denmark in 1984."

Date? - Angel of Peace, just north of the Kastellet, Copenhagen (Denmark).

August 12, 1989 - Red Cross Memorial Stone, Dybbøl (Denmark). Commemorates the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the Battle of Dybbøl in 1864. Jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany.

March 6-12, 1995 - UN Summit on Social Development, Copenhagen (Denmark). Images show "Symbolic Globe" on piazza of UNESCO in Paris (France) surrounded by the flags of all nations, pointing out that this is the headquarters of the international organization. During the Summit, the globe was built in the centre of Copenhagen by the delegates, who had come from every corner of the earth. It is inspired by the logo of the UN and formed as a minimal structure, 15 meters in diameter. Conceived by Erik Reitzel [1941-2012]. The Danish Ministry of Culture financed its realization." Moved to Paris in September 1995.

1996 - "Memorial for Communists in the Resistance Movement during Second World War," Copenhagen? (Denmark). During the Nazi occupation, the official Danish government stamped the resistance fighters as terrorists. After the Nazi defeat, they were celebrated as heroes & freedom fighters. The text tells that the memorial was set up by the Danish state in 1996, and praises the Communists fight for peace & freedom."

July 13, 2005 - Canadian military personnel erect an inuksuk on Hans Island, along with a plaque and a Canadian flag, as part of Canada's longstanding dispute with Denmark over the small Arctic island. Click here for inuksuit worldwide.

8 Peace Monuments in Finland

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April 6, 1968 - Rauhanpatsas / Statue of Peace, Kaivopuiston ranta, Helsinki?, (Finland). "Inscribed in Finnish, Swedish & Russian: "Tämän rauhanpatsaan pystytti Suomen kansa rauhanomaisen rinnakkaiselon ja Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton ystävyyden vertauskuvaksi 6.4.1968 / This statue of peace was erected by the people of Finland as a symbol of the peaceful coexistence and friendship of Finland & the Soviet Union; April 6, 1968." Sculptor Essi Renvall [1911-1979] has said that the statue's female figure is the spirit of peace returning after a war with a new, peaceful heart. The bronze work is 5,35 metres high & its red granite pedestal 3 metres high." Information courtesy of Lila Koivisto 21Nov13.

S T A M P

1986 - Finnish stamp for the UN International Year of Peace. Click here for a complete list of International Year of Peace stamps.

H O U S E

November 26, 1986 - "Rauhanasema / Fredsstation / Peacestation / Peace House," Peace Square, Veturitori, Itä Pasila, Helsinki (Finland). Railroad station originally constructed in 1915. Google translation: "In 1984 Peace Union, was awarded a bid of 15 000 DM... The window was a peace sign & the banner: mobilization for peace. The building was towed to the current site. The house weighing 150 tonnes, 10 tonnes less than the blue whale, like the little boy said, inter... The station is growing corner of the apple tree, which is the gift of a peace conference of psychologists in 1986." Right image is "view from the Peace House." Information courtesy of Doug Fry.

S T A T U E

January 14, 1990 - "Maailman Rauha / World Peace," Hakaniemi Square, Helsinki (Finland). "Total socialist realism" /// "A reminder of cold war in Helsinki. It was 'given' by the city of Moscow just before the collapse of Soviet Union. If Helsinki would have refused the 'gift,' relations with the big neighbour would have suffered." /// "The artist's name is Oleg Kirjuhin. The statue is actually a copy. Similar copies have been placed in cities around the former Soviet Union. Helsinki might be the only city outside the former Soviet Union that has it's own." /// "The World Peace sculpture at Hakaniemi Square has been a focus of controversy. 'It is a passionate, clear & concrete appeal on behalf of peace & friendship,' declared Mayor Raimo Ilaskivi as he unveiled the statue in 1990, when two months had passed from the fall of the Berlin Wall, and as the Soviet Union was coming to an end. Later Ilaskivi said that the City of Moscow had offered Helsinki a statue of Lenin; in that respect, World Peace was a 'defensive victory.'"

S T O N E

May 29, 1990 - "Rauhanturvaajien muistomerkki / Memorial to the Peacekeepers," Hietaniemi graveyard, Helsinki (Finland). "Acknowledges the 45 Finns who died during the first 50 years of peacekeeping missions. The first peacekeeping mission in which Finnish peacekeepers participated took place in Suez, Egypt, in 1956. The Finnish contribution proved to be of high significance. There are three elements to the work of sculptor Matti Peltokangas: a rock, a stone vase or vessel and an engraved stone which reflect notions of peacekeeping. The rock represents Finnishness, safety & stability. The vase, or vessel, reflects introspection and inner thought that is so valuable to peacekeeping."

S T O N E

1990 - "Rauhanpaasi / Peace Slab," Kivikko-Koillis, Helsinki (Finland). "Peace Slab was first given life in the square next to the Vanha University building, or Potato Market, as part of the European Nuclear Disarmament convention happenings of 1990. The general public was involved with the artists in deciding on the nature of the work. After the convention the commissioners of the work, Helsingin ylioppilaskunta (transl. The Student Union), donated Peace Slab to the City of Helsinki." By Kenichi Hiratsuka.

2003 - Winter War Monument, Suomussalmi (Finland). "The Winter War began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939 & ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League on 14 December 1939... This stone field reminds us of the human suffering which the war brought [and] impels the viewer to reflect on the mindlessness of war... The monument contains 105 brass bells, one for each day of the Winter War." /// This is "Monday's Monument" #85.

S T A T U E

June 13, 2010 - Statue of Sri Chinmoy, Vassa (Finland). Holds the World Harmony Run Torch. In a park on the outskirts of the city of Vaasa on the west coast of Finland overlooking the Bothnian Bay. Vaasa is a bilingual city with street signs in Finnish & Swedish, and about 1/4 of the city’s residents speak Swedish rather than Finnish. Click here for other Sri Chinmoy peace monuments.

M U R A L

Summer 2011 - "Wonder Wheel of Peace," Helsinki (Finland). One of a number of street murals painted as a result of an initiative by "Multicoloured Dreams" (MCD). Theme for summer 2011 was "peace & peacemaking." Click here for a gallery of other 2011 murals. Artworks can be seen on the construction site walls on Kamppi Narinkkatori square, in Töölönlahti area & next to the Parliament House.

2 Peace Monuments in Iceland

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October 9, 2007 - Lennon "Imagine Peace" Tower, Videy Island, Reykjavik (Iceland). Dedicated by Yoko Ono on John Lennon’s 67th birthday. John Lennon (1980): "If you can imagine a world of peace. If you can imagine the possibility. Then it can be true." Click here for Wikipedia article.

October 7, 2016 - Höfði Reykjavik Peace Centre, Reykjavík (Iceland). "Opened by the University of Iceland & the City of Reykjavík... The objective of [the center] is to support Reykjavik in its mission of becoming a city of peace."

16 Peace Monuments in Norway

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1901? - Hals Brothers Concert Hall, Kristiania (Oslo) (Norway). Unintentional monument. Where early Nobel Peace Prizes were awarded. Including Bertha von Suttner [1843-1914], first woman peace laureate, on April 18, 1906. Her "impresive address," "The evolution of the peace movement," was delivered to a packed audience after an introduction by poet Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson [1832-1910], winner of 1903 Nobel Prize for Literature. Her opening words: "The stars of eternal truth and right have always shone in the firmament of human understanding. The process of bringing them down to earth, remolding them into practical forms, imbuing them with vitality, and then making use of them, has been a long one..." von Suttner visited Denmark after receiving the prize in Oslo.

Date? - Bust of Alfred Nobel, Det Norske Nobelinstitutt/Norwegian Nobel Institute, Henrik Ibsen Street, Oslo (Norway). In the center of the city, just by the side of the Royal Palace & diagonally across the street from the US Embassy." The principal duty of the Nobel Institute is to assist the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the task of selecting the recipient(s) of the annual Nobel Peace Prize and to organize the Nobel award event in Oslo."

August 16, 1914 - Fredsmonument / Peace Monument, Morokulien, between Magnor (Norway) and Eda (Sweden). 18-meter monument commemorating the 1905 negotiations which created peace between Norway & Sweden and led to Norwegian independence ("dissolution of the union"). On top of two white granite pillars stand two men, on each side of the boundary, shaking hands. Base is inscribed: "War between Scandinavian brothers is henceforth an impopssibility" [Swedish King Oscar I] & "Norwegian and Swedish peace activits raised this monument in 1914 in thanks for 100 years of peace." /// Morokulien is a tiny international territory. Its name combines the Norwegian & Swedish words for "fun" & was coined during a radio show in 1959. Right image (courtesy of Christina Öster) shows the Morokulien daler used during two short periods.

S C U L P T

1950 - Statue of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Akershus Fortress, near Radhusplassen, Oslo (Norway). Overlooks the harbor. Sculpted by Noreby Stinius Fuller. "FDR is a hero to many Norwegians because he fought to liberate Norway from Nazi tyranny during World War II." /// "Following an invitation by President Roosevelt, Crown Princess Märtha [1901-1954] went to the USA on the USS American Legion, via the then Finnish port city of Petsamo. In the USA, she & her three children initially took up residence in the White House. In August 1941, Crown Princess Märtha traveled with President Roosevelt aboard the presidential yacht, USS Potomac (AG-25), and sailed to Newfoundland & Atlantic Charter with Winston Churchill. The friendship that The Crown Couple had cultivated with the Roosevelts was further developed during the war years. In 1942, the U.S. presented the Norwegian forces with the gift of a U-boat, which was received by Crown Princess Märtha, who in her reply gave a speech in support of the Norwegian liberation. Her impressive work to assist the American Red Cross and on behalf of Norwegian interests greatly impressed Roosevelt and influenced his 'Look to Norway' speech in 1942."

S C U L P T

2005 - Statue of Crown Princess Märtha of Norway, Massachusetts Avenue at 34th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Created by Kirsten Kokkin. A gift of the Norwegian American Foundation to His Majesty King Harald V of Norway & the Norwegian Government in memory of the King’s mother and her outstanding contribution to the war effort of the Norwegians in exile during World War II.

1952 - Peace & Freedom Tapestry, East Wall, Security Council Room, United Nations, New York City, New York (USA). Entry #754 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001). By Per Krohg of Norway.

1956 - "Life out of chaos," Town Center, Narvik (Norway). Also known as "The woman on the square." One of three peace sculptures in Narvik. Dedicated in 1956, 1995 and 2006. Narkik is known as a city of peace.

1978 - Globe Monument, Nordkapp / North Cape (Norway). "North Cape, at 71°10'21 of latitude is referred to as the northernmost point of Europe. The Globe is now the symbol of North Cape, attracting people from all over the world. Where Europe ends the Arctic Ocean begins." See Children of the World monument nearby.

1983 - Sverd i fjell / Swords in Rock, Hafrsfjord Neighborhood, Madla, Borough, City of Stavanger, Rogaland (Norway). "Created by sculptor Fritz Røed [1928-2002]. Unveiled by King Olav V. The three bronze swords stand 10 metres (33 ft) tall & are planted into the rock of a small hill next to the fjord. They commemorate the historic Battle of Hafrsfjord which by tradition took place there in the year 872, when King Harald Fairhair gathered all of Norway under one crown. The largest sword represents the victorious Harald, and the two smaller swords represent the defeated petty kings. The monument also represents peace, since the swords are planted into solid rock, so they may never be removed."

June 1988 - "Children of the World" sculpture, Nordkapp / North Cape (Norway). "Seven sculptures designed by children (aged between 8 & 12 years) from seven lands, symbolising friendship, hope, joy & working together. They came here for seven days & dreamed of peace, and created these sculptures dedicated to Peace on Earth. A monument nearby entitled Mother and Child is by the sculptor Eva Rybakken." North Cape is the northernmost point in Europe. "It offers breathtaking views popular with hikers and tourists, a 307-metre high plateau, and a cliffside building that houses a cafe, shops, and a theatre." /// This is "Monday's Monument" #88.

1995 - National Monument for Peace, Narvik (Norway). Also known as "Trinigon." Erected by the Norwegian government on the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Norway. Rebuilt in 2005. "The brightest 8 mm steel polished plates in the world -- true mirror quality." One of three peace sculptures in Narvik. Dedicated in 1956, 1995 & 2006. Narkik is known as a city of peace. Click here to see Narvik's "pinacle-shaped war memorial."

September 21, 1997 - Pax-Stien / "Pax" (Peace Memorial), near Lindesnes, Vest-Agder (Norway). At southernmost point of the Norwegian mainland. "On 21st October 1942, M/S Palatea, a German ship carrying prisoners of war, was torpedoed off Lindesnes lighthouse. 915 Russian prisoners & 71 Germans perished." /// "Unveiled by King Harald V of Norway, the memorial monument was designed by sculptor Arne Vinje Gunnerud [1930-2007]. It consists of a Common Buzzard in bronze with unfolded wings, on a platform of natural rock. A 986-strong choir, one singer for every life lost on the ship, sang at the unveiling of the monument." /// "The statue is of 'Russian bird' of the kind woodcut by so many russian prisoners-of-war during the war [sic]." /// This is "Monday's Monument" #56.

2001 - Eternal Peace Flame, Aker Brygge Port, Oslo (Norway). "Dedicated by World Harmony Run founder Sri Chinmoy. This temporary installation was witnessed by more than 1500 persons including Ambassadors, National Politicians, Luminaries and Athletes. It was temporarily installed at the Pier of Honor on Oslo harbour. In 2002, the Eternal Peace Flame was installed permanently at Aker Brygge, a complex on the Oslo Harbor frequented by hundreds of thousands of people each year. A landmark on the port, the Eternal Peace Flame burns brightly and serves as a beacon of light and inspiration." Image shows Sri Chinmoy at the flame in 2003.

October 27, 2008 - Statue of Sri Chinmoy, Honnorbryggen, Aker Brygge Port, Oslo (Norway). See similar statue on Bali (Indonesia).

M U S E U M

June 2005 - Nobels Fredssenter / Nobel Peace Center, in old west-bound railway station, Oslo (Norway). "Presents all Nobel Peace Prize laureates, arranges exhibitions, and tells the story of Alfred Nobel and all the other Nobel prizes." Click here for the Wikipedia article. Associated with the International Network of Museums for Peace (INMP). See Nobel Museum in Stockholm (Sweden).

After 2005? - Courtyard, Interntional Peace Research Institute (PRIO), Oslo (Norway). "One of the first centres of peace research in the world... Located since 2005 in the former gas works building in central Oslo." /// IPRI was founded in 1959 (& directed until 1970) by Prof. Johan Galtung.

April 7, 2006 - Scandinavian Star Monument ("Rest in Peace My Friends"), near the Akershus Fortress, Oslo (Norway). "Dedicated to 'Scandinavian Star' victims. The ship caught fire in 1990, killing 158 people. It is one of the world's worst ferry disasters. Features a mother with her child and a large commemorative plaque with the names of all the victims of the fire."

August 6, 2006 - "Peace is a promise of future," Narvik (Norway). Sculpture of a sleeping child by Håkon Anton Fagerås. Design incorporates on a separate pedestal a rock from Hiroshima's ground zero given earlier to Narik by the mayor of Hiroshima. One of three peace sculptures in Narvik. Dedicated in 1956, 1995 and 2006. Narvik is known as a city of peace.

July 12, 2009 - "Angel of Peace," Vallersund Farm, Bjugn, near Trøndelag (Norway). "One of its kind in Norway, but one of 80 around the world [sic]. Symbolizes peace & love. By artist Astrid Dahlsveen [1929-2012]. It will take you approx. 25 min. walking up from the parking lot. From the top you have a panoramic view of the archipelago of islands. Part of the UniHope Project, a worldwide network creating a silent chain of love, hope & compassion with the help of the 18 UniteHope angels of peace located around the world [sic]..."

June 15, 2013 - "Paraboloide," Parque Johan Galtung, L'Alfàs del Pi, Alicante (Spain). "Sculptural piece five meters in length & 4.55 ton. Erected in front of the Norwegian Cultural Center (now under construction)." /// "Today Alfaz Mayor Vicente Arques unveiled a monument by the famous Basque sculptor Agustin Ibarrola in memory of the victims of the Oslo & Utoya terrorist attacks [on July 22, 2011]. The monument is located in a park named in honor of a long time Alfaz resident, Prof. Johan Galtung, Norwegian by birth & known as ‘the father of peace studies.’" /// "L'Alfàs del Pi has the highest proportion of Norwegian speakers of any settlement anywhere in the world outside of Norway."

August 16, 2014 - Peace Bell, Fredsmonument / Peace Monument, Morokulien, between Magnor (Norway) and Eda (Sweden). /// In the Minister grove. Dedicated on 100th anniversary of Morokulien with invited guests from South Korea. The Minister grove itself was founded in 2004, on the 90th anniversary. "Summer 1814 was our two countries for the last time at war with each other, maintained parliamentary president Olemic Thommessen in his speech. He pointed out that Norway retained a liberal Norwegian constitution and the best conditions to develop the Norwegian democracy and Norwegian society within the new union with Sweden. The Scandinavian peace period began thus with a war. But also with political prudence and willingness to compromise from leaders on both sides... On Saturday event undertook also the presentation of peace watches that will link together with Norway, Sweden and Korea. Peace bells are located in Oslo (Voksenåsen), peace center in Morokulien & World Peace Bell Park in Hwacheon in South Korea." (Google translation). Information courtesy of Nigel Young & Peter van den Dungen.

18 Peace Monuments in Sweden

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1910 - Bust of Alfred Nobel, Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institutet, near Solna, near Stockholm (Sweden). "102.3 cm high, engraved by Erik Lindberg [1873-1966] in 1910 & cast by Herman Bergman Fud. Foundry in Stockholm. It was donated to Karolinska Institutet by Alfred Nobel’s nephew Emanuel Nobel [1859-1932]. He was a Swedish-Russian oil baron and the eldest son of Alfred’s brother Ludvig Nobel. The bust was raised in the courtyard of Karolinska Institutet at Kungsholmen in 1912. It was transferred to Karolinska Institutet´s present campus area in Solna, most likely in 1947, and placed (strangely enough not firmly fixed to the base which nowadays would be unthinkable) in between the buildings housing the three sections of the Medical Nobel Institute. In 1993 it was transferred again, but only 100 m, now to the entrance of Nobel Forum... We know of three additional copies; one is owned by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, one by Nationalmuseum in Stockholm (who bought it at an auction in 2009 & exhibits it in the National Portrait Gallery at Gripsholm Castle), and one by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo. (Norway)."

August 16, 1914 - Fredsmonument / Peace Monument, Morokulien, between Magnor (Norway) and Eda (Sweden). 18-meter monument commemorating the 1905 negotiations which created peace between Norway & Sweden and led to Norwegian independence ("dissolution of the union"). On top of two white granite pillars stand two men, on each side of the boundary, shaking hands. Base is inscribed: "War between Scandinavian brothers is henceforth an impopssibility" [Swedish King Oscar I] & "Norwegian and Swedish peace activits raised this monument in 1914 in thanks for 100 years of peace." /// Morokulien is a tiny international territory. Its name combines the Norwegian & Swedish words for "fun" & was coined during a radio show in 1959. Right image (courtesy of Christina Öster) shows the Morokulien daler used during two short periods.

1915 - Peace Stone, Brömsebro, Kalmar County (Sweden). "The Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on August 13, 1645, thus ending the war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway." Not a runestone even if it looks like one. Text : "Minne af Freden i Brömsebro - de la Thuliere - Axel Oxenstierna - Corfitz Ulfeldt," in English "Memory of the peace in Brömsebro - de la Thuliere [an ambassador from France] - Axel Oxenstierna [representing Sweden] - Corfitz Ulfeldt [representing Denmark]."

1955 - Goddess of Peace, Town Hall, Great Square, Karlstad (Sweden). Marks the 50th anniversary of the peaceful dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway. Sculpted by Ivar Johnson [1885-1970], "who luckily for his reputation is better known for his 'Woman by the Sea' [right image]." "Since it shows a woman with her foot on a soldier's head and he appears to be grimacing in pain, it seems a somewhat surprising artistic creation to symbolize peace." "Must be one of the ugliest monuments in Europe. Worms emerge from a helmeted skull which is trampled to the ground by a woman breaking a sword in two, symbolising the triumph of peace over war."

1934 - Sjömanshustrun / Seaman's Wife, Maritime Museum, Gothenburg (Sweden). Also known as "Woman at Sea." Recalls the Swedish sailors who died during the First World War.

1970's - Nobelmuseet / Nobel Museum, Björkborn Manor, Karlskoga, Örebro County (Sweden). "Where Alfred Nobel [1833-1896] lived the final summers of his life. He built a nerby laboratory in which he continued research in such areas as propellants & artificial rubber. Today, the laboratory houses an exhibition about his work & related industries. In Björkborn Manor itself, visitors can learn more about Alfred as a person. The museum opened in the 1970's starting with summer exhibitions. In 1982, the Alfred Nobel Björkborn Foundation was started. Today, it is run by The Nobel Foundation, Karlskoga Municipality, SAAB Dynamics AB & Akzo Nobel AB. The chairperson is the governor of Örebro County." /// "Karlskoga evolved around AB Bofors, an iron works, then a manufacturer of cannon & now a more diversified defense industry. Alfred Nobel owned Bofors 1894-1896. Even though he died in his villa in Sanremo (Italy) & had a home in Paris (France), his famous trestament establishing the Nobel Prize was legally registered in Karlskoga." Click here for video. Information courtesy of Christina Öster.

November 16, 1961 - Dag Hammarskjöld Library, United Nations, New York, New York (USA). Dag Hammarskjöld [1905-1961] received the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize.

1961? - Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, East 47th Street, New York, New York (USA). Dag Hammarskjöld [1905-1961] received the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize.

April 4, 1978 - Befrielsen / Liberation, Upsalla (Sweden). "In a Medieval plaza facing the city’s university, artist Olof Hellström depicts two large fists removing rods from the ground, symbolizing Dr. Martin Luther King’s message that the best way to solve a problem is to remove the cause. Or perhaps it is two large hands breaking prison bars. It was dedicated in 1978 on the 10th anniversary of King’s assassination. The plaza was also renamed in his honor." This is "Monday's Monument" #129.

1981 - Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial & Museum, Ndola/Kitwe road, 10 kilometers from Ndola (Zambia). Where Hammarskjöld's plane crashed on September 18, 1961. "The museum is located on site, opposite the ant hill at the foot of which Dag Hammarskjold's body was found. It was opened by Dr Kenneth Kaunda in 1981. A gazebo has been erected on top of the anthill. In the central opening is a pillar surrounded by plaques left by different heads of state & dignitaries who have visited the site. These include: H.E. Mr Kofi Annan, Joseph Kabila, Dr Salim Ahmed Salim, Mrs Lee Goldman & HRH The Duke of Gloucester." Dag Hammarskjöld [1905-1961] received the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize.

1985 - "Non-Violence", Malmo (Sweden). By Carl Fredrik Reutersward. Is this the original sculpture?

1995 - "Non-Violence," Sergelgatan, Stockholm (Sweden). By Carl Fredrik Reutersward.

1997 - "Non-Violence," Kungsportsavenyn & Engelbrektsgatan, Goteborg (Sweden). By Carl Fredrik Reutersward.

September 8, 1995 - "Gud Fader på Himmelsbågen" / "God the Father of the Rainbow" (The Lord placing new stars in heaven), Nacka Strand, Stockholm (Sweden). Sculpted by Swedist pacifist Carl Milles [1875-1955] & his American student, Marshall M. Fredericks [1908-1998]. Milles also sculpted "Vision of Peace" in St. Paul, Minnesota (1936). Fredericks also sculped "Freedom of the Human Spirit" in Queens, New York (1964), & Birmingham, Michigan (1986). Compare "Man Walking to the Sky" by American Johnthan Borofsky [b. 1942] in Kassel, Strasbourg, Pittsburgh & Seoul (1992-2008).

Date? - Holocaust Monument, Stockholm (Sweden). Sivert Lindblom, one of Sweden's foremost designers of urban spaces and the artist behind the Holocaust Monument, also designed the Alfred Nobel Monument (qv) in New York City (USA).

Date? - Peace Statue, Upsala Universitet / Upsala University, Uppsala (Sweden).

M U S E U M

Spring 2001 - Nobel Museum, Stock Exchange Building (Börshuset), Stortorget Square, Gamla Stan, Stockholm (Sweden). Opened for the centenary of the Nobel Prize. See Nobel Peace Center in Oslo (Norway).

M U S E U M

December 2005 - Föreningen Peace Museum, Uppsala Castle basement, Uppsala (Sweden). "Sweden's only peace museum! Dedicated to the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld [1905-1961], Sweden’s first Secretary General of the United Nations, who lived in the castle as a child. Housed in the old 1500's vaults is a contemporary exhibition, Fred & Krig / Peace & War. It takes up major issues concerning war, peace, threats, hatred & conflict in the world. In Sweden, we can look back on an almost 200-year period of peace." Associated with the International Network of Museums for Peace (INMP).

August 2012 - "Peace Monuments of War Material," Arboga (Sweden). "An international sculpture symposium with the aim of creating peace monuments from scrapped military equipment. Started with an art exhibition in Beijing (China) in December 2011 of sketches that the artists made for their sculptures. Then with a symposium in August 2012 when all these internationally active artists gathered to make peace monuments in the form of sculptures. Our plan is that these peace monuments shall form a permanent sculpture park (Skulpturparken Arboga) in some beautiful place close by. Artist Richard Brixel is the initiator of the project. The association MEKENS VÄNNER of Arboga owns and runs this project with Håkan Sterner Eventkonsult as our project leader. Here are the artists (images show the works in red): 1. Zhu Ying—China "Flower in Arboga" 2. Devin Laurence Field-USA "Arch of Arboga—Arbogaporten" 3. Li Jinze-China "Shake hands for peace" 4. Insa Winkler-Tyskland "From heart to heart-green grotta" 5. Lasse Nilsson—Sverige "The Savior" 6. Mats Lodén-Sverige "Peaceful character" 7. Mats Lodén-Sverige "Ikaros" 8. Yang Junlan-China "We are family" 9. Wen Chao-China "War is over" 10. Xu Zhenglong-China "Harmony and unity—from missile to pen" 11. Dong Shubing-China "Wind and dust" 12. Jenny Grönvall-Sverige "Make food not war" 13. Florin Strejac-Rumänien "The butterfly projekt" 14. Anthony Heywood-UK "Send the weapons to the moon" 15. Linda Verkaaik-Holland "The wave—the flying dutchman" 16. Dong Shubing-China "Let alla weapons be sealed up" 17. Wei Xiaming-China "A letter of peace"

August 16, 2014 - Peace Bell, Fredsmonument / Peace Monument, Morokulien, between Magnor (Norway) and Eda (Sweden). /// In the Minister grove. Dedicated on 100th anniversary of Morokulien with invited guests from South Korea. The Minister grove itself was founded in 2004, on the 90th anniversary. "Summer 1814 was our two countries for the last time at war with each other, maintained parliamentary president Olemic Thommessen in his speech. He pointed out that Norway retained a liberal Norwegian constitution and the best conditions to develop the Norwegian democracy and Norwegian society within the new union with Sweden. The Scandinavian peace period began thus with a war. But also with political prudence and willingness to compromise from leaders on both sides... On Saturday event undertook also the presentation of peace watches that will link together with Norway, Sweden and Korea. Peace bells are located in Oslo (Voksenåsen), peace center in Morokulien & World Peace Bell Park in Hwacheon in South Korea." (Google translation). Information courtesy of Nigel Young & Peter van den Dungen.

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