Peace Monuments in & near Washington, DC (USA)

Right click image to enlarge.

About 1783 - "Peace of Paris, 1783", Diplomatic Reception Rooms (Top Floor), U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC (USA). "Painting by Benjamin West [1738-1820] of the American delegation at the Treaty of Paris: John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens [1724-1792], and William Temple Franklin [1760-1823]. The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed." (The preliminary articles signed in Paris on November 30, 1782, were only effective when a similar treaty was signed by Britain and France, which French Foreign Minister Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes [1717-1787], quickly negotiated. France signed preliminary articles of peace with Great Britain on January 20, 1783, which were followed by a formal Peace of Paris signed on September 3, 1783.)

1806-1860 - Tripoli Monument or Peace Monument, Navy Yard, Washington, DC (USA). Made in Italy by Charles Micali. Damaged by fire during the War of 1812. Moved to West Grounds of the US Capitol in 1831. Moved to US Naval Academy (USNA), Annapolis, Maryland (USA) in 1861 (qv). Plaque: "The oldest military monument in the United States honors heroes of the War against the Barbary Coast Pirates [1801-1805], the new republic's first war..." Renovated in June 2000.

Circa 1815 - "Peace" (Allegory of the Treaty of Ghent) by John Rubens Smith [1775-1849], Library of Congress, Washington, DC (USA). The Treaty of Ghent (now in Belgium) was signed December 24, 1814, and ended the War of 1812 between the USA and Great Britain.

1827 - "Fame and Peace Crowning George Washington" by Antonio Capellano, East Central Portico (above the Rotunda doors), Capitol, Washignton, DC (USA). Fame on the right holds a trumpet, peace on the left a palm branch.

1858 - Statue of Peace, East front portico (to the right of the Columbus doors), US Capitol, Washington, DC (USA). Marble sculpture by George Gianetti, (after Luigi Persico). Draped in simple flowing robes, Peace holds an olive branch in her left hand.

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April 14, 1865 - Ford's Theater, Ford's Theater National Nistoric Site, National Park Service (NPS), 511 10th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Unintentional monument. Became iconic the moment President Lincoln was assassinated in the theater on April 14, 1865. Now a National Historic Site & Museum.

April 14, 1876 - Emancipation Memorial, Lincoln Park, East Capitol Avenue & 12th Street, Capitol Hill, Washington, DC (USA). Dedicated by Frederick Douglass & President Ulysses Grant. Sculpted by Thomas Ball. "Depicts Abraham Lincoln holding his Emancipation Proclamation and standing over Archer Alexander [1828-1880?] breaking the chains of slavery. Alexander was the last slave captured under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850." Right image shows this monument on the cover of "Standing soldiers, kneeling slaves: Race, war, and monument in nineteenth-century America," by Kirk Savage (1999).

1878 - Naval Peace Monument, The Mall, Washington, DC (USA). Commemorates role of US Navy during the Civil War. Facing the US Capitol is Peace, a classical figure draped from the waist down and holding an olive sprig. The monuments's other alegorical figures are Grief, History & Victory. Grief is weaping, and History holds a book.

1879 - Indian Treaty Room, Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Washington, DC (USA). Originally the Navy Department Library & Reception Room, the Navy vacated the building between 1918 & 1921. By 1930 the building was renamed for the Department of State, and by 1949 it was renamed the Executive Office Building. The Treaty Room was used for presidential press conferences 1955-1961. The name "Indian Treaty Room" came about sometime during the 1930's, and it is still not clear why, despite extensive research. Some say it's because the War Department stored papers there in the 1930's, including treaties with the American Indian nations. Treaties signed in this room include Bretton Woods (establishing the IMF), peace treaties with Rumania, Italy & Hungary after WW-II, and the UN Charter.

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1887 - National Museum of of Health & Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6900 Georgia Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Sucessor to the Army Medical Musuem which stood on the National Mall from 1887 until the 1960's.

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1895 - Frederick Douglass National Historic Site, National Park Service (NPS), 1411 W Street, SE, Washngton, DC (USA). Home of former slave Frederick Douglass [1818-1895], "the most famous 19th century African American." Unintentional monument at least since Douglass' death in 1895. Now a National Historic Site & Museum. Described on page 21 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).

1896 Peace & Prosperity, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (USA). By Elihu Vedder [1836-1923].

1896 Murals of Peace & War, Second Floor, Northwest Gallery, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (USA). By Gari Melchers [1860-1932].

October 23, 1898 - Peace Cross, Massachusetts & Wisconsin Avenues, Cleveland Park, Washington, DC (USA). "Dedicated by President McKinley to mark the coming end of the Spanish-American War. It is located near the former location of the residence where the first meetings were held to plan Washington National Cathedral" (constructed 1907-1990). Also known as "Stone Cross."

June 1904 - Statue of Benjamin Rush, Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, across from the entrance to the old Naval Observatory, Foggy Bottom, Washington, DC (USA). The larger-than-life, bronze statue. Honors Benjamin Rush M.D. [1745-1813], Philadelphia physician, medical educator and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Rush proposed a Peace-Office for the USA in 1798.

April 26, 1910 - Organization of American States (OAS), 17th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "On April 14, 1890, delegates created the International Union of American Republics 'for the prompt collection and distribution of commercial information.' They also established the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics in Washington as the Union's secretariat, with the participation of 18 Western Hemisphere nations, including the USA. In 1910, the Commercial Bureau became the Pan American Union, and American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie [1835-1919] donated $5 million to construct a permanent headquarters in Washington, DC, which is today the historic OAS building." Lower image shows interior courtyard.

April 26, 1910 - Peace Tree, Organization of American States (OAS), 17th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "Prominent among the lush vegetation of the OAS patio. A hybrid of fig and rubber. Planted by President William Howard Taft [1857-1930] during the building's dedication ceremonies in 1910." Image shows John Barret (Director General), Bishop Harding, Amb. de la Barra (México), Andrew Carnegie, President Taft, Philander O. Knox (Secretary of State), Senator Elihu Root, James Cardinal Gibbons & Frederick D. Owen. On April 26, 2010, President Barak Obama "planted a new 'Peace Tree' as a symbol of the OAS’s renewed dedication to its core values of good faith and solidarity for the next 100 years."

1917 - Headquarters Building, American Red Cross (ARC), 430-17th Street, Washington, DC (USA). Dedicated "in memory of the heroic women of the Civil War." The building still contains Red Cross offices and a museum. The ARC was established in Washington, DC, on May 21, 1881 by Clara Barton [1821-1912] who became its first president. See Clara Barton National Historic Site (1975).

1917 - Tiffany Windows, American Red Cross (ARC), 430-17th Street, Washington, DC (USA). Depict the most significant values of the Red Cross: Hope, faith, charity and love. Designed & constructed by the renowned studio of Louis Comfort Tiffany [1848-1933], son of the New York City jeweler. Reputed to be the largest set of windows still in their original state.

1921 - Fountain, DuPont Circle, Washington, DC (USA). Features carvings of three classical figures symbolizing the sea, the stars and the wind. Designed by Daniel Chester French [1850-1931] and architect Henry Bacon, the co-creators of the Lincoln Memorial. Inscribed "Erected by the Congress of the United States." Replaced an 1884 statue of Samuel Francis Du Pont [1803-1865], a rear admiral during the Civil War. (The statue was moved to Rockford Park in Wilmington, Delaware, seat of the DuPont family.)

May 30, 1922 - Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC (USA).

August 28, 1963 - Inscription, Steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC (USA). Marks where Martin Luther King, Jr., stood when he delivered his famous "I have a dream" speech on August 28, 1963.

May 30, 1922 - Murals "Emancipation of a Race" & "Unification," Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC (USA). By Jules Guerin [1866-1946]. Respectively above the texts of the Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural Address.

1924 - Civil War Nurses, M Street & Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, DC (USA). Bas relief flanked by statues of Patriotism (with shield) & Peace (with wings). Sculpted by Irish sculptor Jerome Connor [1874-1943]. Also called 'The Nuns of the Battlefield.' Inscribed, 'They comforted the dying, nursed the wounded, carried hope to the imprisoned, gave in His name a drink of water to the thirsty.' Raised by the Ladies Auxiliary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH), the memorial was originally designed for Arlington Cemetery, until the War Department objected. It was then proposed for location behind the Pan American Union building ... but the Fine Arts Commission objected to that. Finally, Connor downscaled the size of the memorial and got permission to build it at its present site. Then he had to sue the Ancient Order for payment."

July 13, 1925 - Peace Cross, US Highway 1, Bladensburg, Maryland (USA). 40-foot cross of cement & marble constructed by the Snyder-Farmer Post of the American Legion to recall the 49 men of Prince George’s County who died in World War I. Towers above the convergence of Baltimore Avenue, Bladensburg Road & Annapolis Road (a primary entrance to Washington, DC, before the construction of interstate highways).

1926 - Cuban American Friendship Urn, Potomac Park, 14th Street & Ohio Drive, Washington, DC (USA). "Also called the 'Maine Memorial.' Most obscure memorial in Washington, DC. Location out of the way; the main dedicatory plaque is difficult to see, has small print, and is located eight feet off the ground; and, having climbed up the sides of the memorial to read the plaques, one discovers they are written in Spanish. The marble urn on top once stood atop a column of marble in Havana (Cuba) to commemorate the sailors who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine [in 1898] and the friendship between Cuba and the US. A hurricane in October 1926 knocked the marble column over and the urn was added to this marble plinth and sent to the US. For a number of years it stood outside the Cuban Embassy; then, when relations between the U.S. and Cuba deteriorated [in 1959?], the memorial was moved to this location."

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1929 - Sewall-Belmont House & Museum, 144 Constitution Avenue, NE, Washington, DC (USA). "Explores the evolving role of women and their contributions to society through the continuing, and often untold, story of women's pursuit for equality. The museum is the headquarters of the historic National Woman's Party (NWP) and was the Washington home of its founder and Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) author Alice Paul [1885-1977].

April 29, 1935 - Rush-Bagot Memorial Tablet, Columbia Residences (former Columbia Hospital for Women), 2425 L Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Marks place where the Rush-Bagot agreement was signed April 18-19, 1817, to bring about the removal of armed vessels from the Great Lakes. Erected by Kiwanis International. Entry #1162 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1951 - "Arts of Peace" Equestrian Statues, Arlington Memorial Bridge, Washington, DC (USA). By American sculptor James Earle Fraser [1876-1953]. "Music & Harvest" (left) is a winged Pegasus between a male figure with a bundle of wheat & a sickle & a woman with a harp. "Aspiration & Literature" (right) is another Pegasus flanked by figures holding a book & a bow. The guilded bronze statues are approximately 17 feet tall atop granite pedestals. They were commissioned in l925 & their designs approved in 1933, but the statues were not erected until after WW-II when they were cast & gilded by Italy as a gift to the USA.

1956 - Sarcophagus of Woodrow Wilson, Washington National Cathedral, Cleveland Park, Massachusetts & Wisconsin Avenues, Washington, DC (USA). "Woodrow Wilson [1856-1924] was the 28th President of the US and winner of the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize. Only president buried in DC proper. Originally buried in the Bethlehem Chapel in the crypt of Washington National Cathedral. In 1956, celebrating the centennial of his birth, the Cathedral arranged for his removal to this sarcophagus in the south aisle of the nave proper. It is decorated with symbols of Princeton University (of which he was president), the state of New Jersey (of which he was governor), and the Seal of the US. Windows of the Wilson Bay depict war and peace, commemorating his service as president during WW-I, as does the sword on the top of the sarcophagus."

1958 - Statue of Simon Bolivar, Virginia Avenue, E Street & 18th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "The height of the tip of the sword touching 27 feet makes this eight-ton statue technically the tallest in town. Simon Bolivar [1783-1830] liberated what are now Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. Bolivia was named in his honor. Although he was hated at the time of his death, he has since become recognized and honored as the liberator of much of South America." Statue by Felix de Weldon [1906-2003] whoa lso sculpted the Iwo Jima Memorial in Arlington, Virginia.

Date? - Headquarters, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington, DC (USA).

Date? - Headquarters, World Bank, Washington, DC (USA). Original name: International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD).

Date? - Inter-American Development Bank / Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (IADB), Washington, DC (USA).

1960 - "Raíces de la Paz" / "The Roots of Peace," Organization of American States (OAS), 17th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "In the tunnel connecting the OAS Building with its Administration Building two blocks away is a 162-meter [sic] / 200-foot mural (one of the longest in the world) depicting various themes of peace & development in the Americas. Painted by Uruguayan artist Carlos Paez Vilaró [b.1923] who also painted a mural for the UN building in New York City."

About 1960 - "Expanding Universe Fountain," interior courtyard, Harry S. Truman Building, US Department of State, Washington, DC (USA). By Marshall W. Fredericks [1908-1998]. "According to Fredericks, the sculpture "represents this age of great interest, exploration and discovery in outer space...[and] the immensity, order and mystery of the universe."

February 1961 - Peace Commission Plaque, Willard Hotel, Pennsylvania Avenue at 15th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Text: "THE PEACE CONVENTION. The old Willard Hotel was the scene of the last major effort to restore the Union and prevent the Civil War. At Virginia's invitation, delegates from twenty-one of the then thirty-four states met in secret session from February 4 to 27, 1861, in a vain attempt to solve the differences between the North and South. To honor those who worked for peace and unity, this memorial is erected by the Virginia Civil War Commission, February 1961." Sadly, the meeting failed. By the time Lincoln was inaugurated five days later, seven states had resolved to secede from the Union. Less than two months later, the Civil War began. Click here for alternative source of information.

1961 - Thai Bell, John Wilson District Building, Federal Triangle, Pennsylvania Avenue at 14th Street, Washington, DC (USA). Presented to the people of Washington by the people of sister city Bangkok (Thailand).

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December 28, 1961 - Woodrow Wilson House Museum, National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2340 S Street, NW, Kalorama, Washington, DC (USA). "Only presidential museum in DC." Home of Woodrow Wilson [1856-1924] from 1921 until his death in 1924. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 and died in this house on February 3, 1924. His widow Edith lived here until her death on December 28, 1961. She bequeathed the property & many of its furnishings to the National Trust. Inset shows celebration on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918. One of 27 US museums in "Museums for Peace Worldwide" edited by Kazuyo Yamane (2008).

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December 28, 1961 - Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge, Potomac River, between Alexandria, Virginia, & Oxon Hill, Maryland (USA). Woodrow Wilson [1856-1924] was president of Princeton University 1902-1910 & president of the USA 1913-1921. He received the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize. Bridge carries Interstate Highways 95 & 95 and opens for ships. Reconstructed 2006-2008. Wilson's widow died the same day that she was scheduled to dedicate the original bridge.

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June 23, 1964 - Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, Potomac River, between Washington, DC, & Arlington, Virginia (USA). Theodore Roosevelt [1858-1919] was US President 1901-1909 and received the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.

October 27, 1967 - Theodore Roosevelt Island National Memorial, Potomac River, Washington, DC (USA). Theodore Roosevelt [1858-1919] was US President 1901-1909 and received the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.

1968 - Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "Established by an act of Congress. Our nation's official living memorial to President Woodrow Wilson." Woodrow Wilson [1856-1924] was president of Princeton University 1902-1910 & president of the USA 1913-1921. He received the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize.

April 15, 1966 - Statue of Abraham Lincoln, Luis G. Urbina Park (since renamed Parque Lincoln), Polanco, Mexico City (Mexico). Gift of the United States presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Reproduction of a satue made in 1887 by Augustus Saint-Gaudens for Chicago's Lincoln Park.

1969 - Statue of Benito Juarez, Foggy Bottom, Virginia & New Hampshire Avenues, Washington, DC. (USA). Sculpted by Enrique Alciati. Gift from Mexico in exchange for a statue of Abraham Lincoln. Juarez is the 'George Washington of Mexico,' and the statue points to the bust of Washington at George Washington University. Benito Pablo Juarez Garcia [1806-1872] was a full-blooded Zapotec Indian who became the first president of Mexico. He corresponded with Abraham Lincoln to get advice on how to establish a democracy, particularly one plagued with interracial problems.

1974 - Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial, Lincoln Park, East Capitol & 12th Streets, Washington, DC (USA). Sculpted by Robert Berks (who also did DC statues of JFK and Einstein). Mary McLeod Bethune [1875-1955] was an American educator and civil rights leader best known for starting a school for black students in Daytona Beach, Florida, that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University and for being an advisor to FDR. Also see Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site (National Park Service).

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1975 - Clara Barton National Historic Site, National Park Service (NPS), 5801 Oxford Road (at MacArthur Boulevard), Glen Echo, Washington, DC (USA). "The first NHS dedicated to the accomplishments of a woman." Clara Barton [1821-1912] founded the American Red Cross on May 21, 1881. This bulding is a former Red Cross field hospital used by Barton for relief following the Johnstown Flood on May 31, 1889. After being moved to Washington, the building became ARC headquarters, and Barton lived here the last 15 years of her life (1897-1912).

April 22, 1979 - Einstein Memorial at the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), NAS Building, Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Sculpted by Robert Berks and based on a bust he sculpted from life in 1953. Created for the 100th anniversary of the birth of Albert Einstein [1879-1955].

1985 - Statue of Jennette Rankin, Statuary Hall, US Capitol, Washington, DC (USA). Duplicate of statue by Terry Mimnaugh honoring Jennette Rankin [1880-1973] in state capitol, Helena, Montana (USA). Entry #1117 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1989 - Armenian Earthquake, White House, Washington, DC (USA). Statue of a woman holding a child. Gift of the people of Armenia to thank the American Red Cross for their assistance during an earthquake that ravaged Armenia on December 7, 1988. Thousands were killed and tens of thousands left homeless.

1986 - Friendship Gate, Chinatown, H Street at 7th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Gift from Beijing (China) to its sister city Washington, DC. Said to be the largest gate of its type in the world.

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1987 - National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA), 1250 New York Avenue, NW, Washington DC (USA). "The only museum in the world dedicated exclusively to recognizing the contributions of women artists." Click hee for the Wikipedia article.

Early 1990's - Nyingma Tibetan Buddhist Temple & Stupa Peace Park, Kunzang Palyul Choling (KPC) of Maryland, 18400 River Road, Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland (USA), near Washington, DC. 65-acre peace park. See similar stupa & peace park in Sedona, Arizona (USA).

April 13, 1991 - First International Peace Garden, near the Tidal Basin, Washington, DC (USA). One of many International Peace Gardens in different countries. 4000 tulip bulbs presented to Washington, DC, by Ottawa (Canada).

May 24, 1991 - Kahlil Gibran Memorial, Massachusetts Avenue, NW (Embassy Row), Washington, DC (USA). "President George H.W. Bush ceremoniously cut the ribbon to the memorial garden stating, 'All who contributed to this memorial offer it as a real tribute to Gibran’s legacy – his belief in brotherhood, his call for compassion, and, perhaps above all, his passion for peace.' Some people may have questioned the sincerity of those remarks, given that a few months earlier Bush spearheaded an international coalition to wage war against Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait." Click here for the Wikipedia article on Kahlil Gibran [1883-1931]. See other Gibran memorials in Bsharri (Lebanon) and Boston, Massachusetts (USA).

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April 22, 1993 - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, Washington, DC (USA). "Provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy." Entry #967 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001). One of 27 US museums in "Museums for Peace Worldwide" edited by Kazuyo Yamane (2008).

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April 18, 1997 - Newseum, 555 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "The world's most interative museum." Funded by the Freedom Forum, a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to "free press, free speech and free spirit for all people." The original Newseum was closed on March 3, 2002, in order to allow its staff to concentrate on building the new, larger museum. The new museum, built at a cost of $450 million, opened its doors to the public on April 11, 2008. Click here for the Wikipedia article.

May 2, 1997 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Tidal Basin, Washington, DC (USA). Vast 7.5-acre memorial has four outdoor "rooms" (one for each of Roosevelt's four terms as president). Click here for all 21 FDR quotes.

May 2, 1997 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Tidal Basin, Washington, DC (USA). Here is the "war quote" in room 3 (next to jumbled stones representing the destruction of war): "I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea. I have seen blood running from the wounded. I have seen the dead in the mud. I have seen cities destroyed. I have seen children starving. I have seen the agony of mothers and wives. I hate war." (From an address at Chautauqua, NY, August 14, 1936.) Entry #1160 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

May 2, 1997 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Tidal Basin, Washington, DC (USA). Here is the "peace quote" in room 4 (next to satue of Eleanor Roosevelt): "The structure of world peace cannot be the work of one man, or one party, or one nation... It must be a peace which rests on the cooperative effort of the whole world." (From an address to Congress after his return from Yalta, March 1, 1945.) Entry #1161 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1997 - Guns to Plowshares, Judiciary Square Metro Stattion, Washington, DC (USA). Sculpture by Mennonite artists Esther K. Augsburger and her son Michael D. Augsburger: 20-foot plowshare with 3,000 welded handguns donated by the Metropolitan Police. Entry #1111 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

June 1999 - Alexander Pushkin Monument (left image), The George Washington University, H & 22nd Steets, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Reciprocal for the statue of Walt Whitman that was placed by US Secretary of State Hilary Rodham Clinton (right image) at Moscow State University, Moscow (Russia) in October 2009.

January 17, 2000 - National Peace Sculpture, Capitol Children's Museum, Washington, DC (USA). Child-sized house designed by six students from the Massachusetts College of Art. Caption on door reads, "Violent Toys Teach Violent Play. Peace Begins With Peaceful Play." Dedicated on Martin Luther King, Jr., Day. Entry #1150 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

2000 - National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II, Washington, DC (USA). Pays homage to the thousands of Japanese men and women who were imprisioned in American relocation camps in 1942-1945. At the center of the memorial is a sculpture of a bronze crane by Nina A. Akamu. Rising above the confines of the memorial wall, the crane is meant to symbolize "rising beyond limitations."

2000 - "Ethics of Peace," Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (USA). Bronze, 3' x 3' x 3' (1/2 Life Size) by Michael Malfano who wrote: "As depicted in the sculpture, the central figure seeks inner peace by questioning, by living non-judgementally, and by having the courage to make the hard changes necessary to attain the innocence of children. Since the problem of violence is man-made, the solution must also be man-made."

September 16, 2000 - Mahatma Gandhi Memorial, Washington, DC (USA). Entry #1107 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

October 27, 2003 - First Children's International Peace Garden, Pope John Paul II Cultural Center, 3900 Harewood Road, NE, Washington DC (USA). "Honors Pope John Paul II’s Peace Efforts...during the Silver Jubilee of his extraordinary pontificate." One of many International Peace Gardens in different countries.

Spring 2004 - Statue of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish Embassy, Washington, DC (USA). Life-sized, weighs approximately 400 pounds. Created by renowned sculptor Jessie Corsaut at the Monterey Sculpture Center in California. Donated by Harry E. Blythe III, a well known philanthropist, who owns the San Ignacio Estate in Paso Robles, California (formerly owned by Paderewski). Temporarily installed in the embassy garden until it can be relocated to a permanent public setting in the city. Ignacy Jan Paderewski [1860-1941] was a legendary Polish pianist, composer and statesman. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which formally concluded WW-I, Paderewski and US President Woodrow Wilson reestablished the borders of Poland with the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Shortly thereafter, Paderewski became Poland's Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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September 21, 2004 - National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 4th Street & Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC (USA). Dedicated to the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Also operates the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City (qv). Click here for the Wikipedia article.

June 12, 2007 - "Goddess of Democracy," Victims of Communism Memorial, Washington, DC (USA). "A tribute to more than 100 million people who died as a result of revolutions, wars and atrocities committed by various communist regimes."

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February 18, 2008 - President Lincoln's Cottage, Soldiers' Home, Washington, DC (USA). The cottage & about 2.3 acres (9,300 m²) of the Home was proclaimed a National Monument by President Bill Clinton on July 7, 2000. Now managed through a cooperative agreement between the Armed Forces Retirement Home and the National Trust for Historic Preservation in consultation with the National Park Service, the cottage was restored & opened to the public on February 18, 2008.

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May 2008 - National Museum of Crime & Punishment (NMCP), 575-7th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Explores the history of crime, law enforcement, forensic science, crime scene investigation (CSI), and the consequences of committing a crime. Co-owned and operated by Orlando businessman John Morgan in partnership with John Walsh, host of "America's Most Wanted" television program. Click here for a critique by the Washington Post.

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"Before 2011" - Armenian Genocide Museum of America (AGMA), 615-14th Street, NW, Washington, DC (USA). "Will be the premier institution in the USA dedicated to educating American and international audiences about the Armenian Genocide and its continuing consequences. Visitors will come to understand the Armenian Genocide as the prototype for modern crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda, and Darfur."

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December 2012 - Public Education Center (PEC), US Institute of Peace (USIP), 23rd Street & Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (USA). Official ground breaking for new USIP headquarters building took place June 5, 2008, twenty-four years after the creation of USIP. The facility will consist of a training center for professional conflict managers, conference space for public and private meetings, office space for USIP staff, and a 20,000 square foot PEC. Entry #1169 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001). Discussed by Tom Flores (2008). Click here for the Wikipedia article.

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2015 - National Musuem of African American History & Culture, The Mall, Washington, DC (USA). Under discussion since 1915. Architectural design announced April 14, 2009. "Will memorialize and honor the victims of slavery and provide their descendants a concrete place for remembrance and reflection. A place of refuge and introspection for all people to contemplate the past, present and future with the hope of finding answers and hope." Described on page 14 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).

Future - US Peace Memorial, Washington, DC (USA). A project of Dr. Michael D. Knox, Tampa, Florida. (Click here to see "peace activist" Mike Knox compared to "wrestling superstar" Mike Knox.) In plan view (right images), this monument is the famous CND peace symbol. July 4, 2010 is "target date."

Future - National Peace Monument, National Mall, Washington, DC. "I propose we construct a series of sculptures on the edge of the Washington D.C. capital mall which address peace in: The world. / Our nations cities and villages. / Our local communities and families. / Religious peace. / Racial peace. / Peace amongst the sexes. / And other major peaceful topics where peace is needed and desired."

Future - National Peace Garden, Hanes Point, Potomac River, Washington, DC (USA). Congress authorized this memorial in 1987. The waterfront site, approved in 1988, embraces 10-acres about two miles south of the Jefferson Memorial. The concept of the garden by the landscape architecture firm of Royston Hanamoto Alley & Abey was approved July 1993." This project displaces the popular statue of "The Awakening" (right image).

Future - Washington, DC Martin Luther King, Jr., National Memorial, 4-acre site on the Tidal Basin, Washington, DC (USA). Designed by Roma Design Group, San Francisco, California (USA). A project of the Washington, DC Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Ceremonial groundbreaking took place November 13, 2006, in West Potomac Park. Click here for the Wikipedia article.

Future - Statue of Martin Luther King, Jr.. New York Times, May 18, 2008: "Twenty-eight feet tall and carved from Chinese granite, the statue [sculpted by Lei Yixin] for the National Mall in Washington could resist almost any attack but the one that came recently from the panel whose approval it needs to proceed. The United States Commission of Fine Arts, which must sign off on every inch of the $100 million memorial, from typeface to tree variety to color scheme, said in a letter that 'the colossal scale and Social Realist style of the proposed sculpture recalls a genre of political sculpture that has recently been pulled down in other countries.'"

Future - A-Bomb Museum, Washington, DC (USA). "The 'NPT Promotion Committee,' composed of Japanese parliamentarians from various parties, is pursuing the idea of establishing, in Washington, DC, a monument to express the hope of eliminating nuclear weapons as well as a permanent museum to convey the consequences of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The committee aims to unveil the monument at the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference next spring and open the museum sometime next year [2010]." National Museum (NMAAHC), Washington, DC (USA).

M U S E U M

December 2015 - National Musuem of African American History & Culture (NMAAHC), The Mall, Washington, DC (USA). Under discussion since 1915. Architectural design announced April 14, 2009. "Will memorialize and honor the victims of slavery and provide their descendants a concrete place for remembrance and reflection. A place of refuge and introspection for all people to contemplate the past, present and future with the hope of finding answers and hope." Described on page 14 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).